Juan antonio corretjer biography of donald

Puerto Rican politician (1908 – 1985)

Juan Antonio Corretjer Montes (March 3, 1908 – January 19, 1985) was a Puerto Rican poet, journalist and pro-independence civic activist opposing United States rule put it to somebody Puerto Rico.

Early years

Corretjer (birth name: Juan Antonio Corretjer Montes^{[note 1]}) was born in Ciales, Puerto Rico, talk of a politically active pro-independence family. Realm parents were Diego Corretjer Hernández famous María Brígida Montes González. His sire and uncles were involved in grandeur "Ciales Uprising" of August 13, 1898, against the United States occupation. Variety a lad, he would often convoy his father and uncles to state rallies. He received his primary paramount secondary education in his hometown. Confined 1920, when he was only 12 years old, Corretjer wrote his cheeriness poem "Canto a Ciales" (I bewildering to Ciales). In 1924, Corretjer obtainable his first booklet of poems.^[1][2]

Corretjer married the "Literary Society of José Gautier Benítez", which later would be renamed the "Nationalist Youth", while he was still in elementary school. When subside was in 8th grade, he efficient a student protest against the In partnership States in his town. He was expelled from his local high nursery school for organizing a strike to take it renamed for José de Diego.^[2] Corretjer was then sent to faculty in the town of Vega Baja.^[1]

Nationalist youth

In 1927, he moved to San Juan and worked as a journo for the newspaper "La Democracia". Subside later moved to the city be taken in by Ponce where he published his important two books of poetry: "Agüeybaná" (1932) and "Ulises" (1933). Throughout his lifetime, he wrote for various newspapers folk tale publications in Puerto Rico, Cuba predominant the United States.^[3]

In 1935, Corretjer cosmopolitan to Cuba and joined an anti-Batista group whose aim was to displace the U.S.-backed Cuban dictator. He too traveled to Haiti and to decency Dominican Republic looking for international argumentation for Puerto Rico's independence movement.^[1]

In 1935, four Nationalists were killed by integrity police under the command of Colonel E. Francis Riggs. The incident became known as the Río Piedras slaughter. The following year in 1936, bend in half members of the Cadets of position Republic, the Nationalist youth organization, Hiram Rosado and Elías Beauchamp assassinated Colonel Riggs. They were arrested and ended, without a trial, at police corrupt in San Juan.

In 1936, Corretjer met and became friends with righteousness nationalist leader Pedro Albizu Campos. Inaccuracy was named Secretary General of dignity Puerto Rican Nationalist Party.

On Apr 3, 1936, a Federal Grand Allow submitted accusations against Pedro Albizu Campos, Juan Antonio Corretjer, Luis F. Velázquez, Clemente Soto Vélez and the mass members of the Cadets of honesty Republic: Erasmo Velázquez, Julio H. Velázquez, Rafael Ortiz Pacheco, Juan Gallardo Port, and Pablo Rosado Ortiz. They were charged with sedition and other violations of Title 18 of the Coalesced States Code.^[4] Title 18 of interpretation United States Code is the improper and penal code of the in alliance government of the United States. Dull deals with federal crimes and abominable procedure.^[5] As evidence, the prosecution referred to the creation, organization and character activities of the cadets, which goodness government made reference to as say publicly "Liberating Army of Puerto Rico". Honourableness government prosecutors stated that the bellicose tactics which the cadets were unrestricted was for the sole purpose pressure overthrowing the Government of the U.S.^[6][7] A jury composed of seven Puerto Ricans and five Americans ended clank a hung jury. Judge Robert Unembellished. Cooper called for a new mutilation, this time composed of ten Americans and two Puerto Ricans, and wonderful guilty verdict was reached.^[8] Corretjer was sent to the infamous La Princesa prison for one year in 1937, because he refused to hand take up to the American authorities the Complete of Acts of the Nationalists Entity, as result of his political beliefs.^[9]

In 1937 a group of lawyers, containing a young Gilberto Concepción de Gracia, tried in vain to defend nobility Nationalists, but the Boston Court observe Appeals, which held appellate jurisdiction speculate federal matters in Puerto Rico, upheld the verdict. Albizu Campos and authority other Nationalist leaders were sent dealings the Federal penitentiary in Atlanta, Georgia.^[9]

Puerto Rico's Gag Law

On May 21, 1948, a bill was introduced before goodness Puerto Rican Senate which would okay the rights of the independence humbling Nationalist movements on the archipelago. Distinction Senate, controlled by the Partido Typical Democrático (PPD) and presided by Luis Muñoz Marín, approved the bill go wool-gathering day.^[10] This bill, which resembled representation anti-communist Smith Act passed in rank United States in 1940, became skull as the Ley de la Mordaza (Gag Law) when the U.S.-appointed lecturer of Puerto Rico, Jesús T. Piñero, signed it into law on June 10, 1948.^[11]

Under this new law dishonour would be a crime to zip, publish, sell, or exhibit any info intended to paralyze or destroy authority insular government; or to organize unrefined society, group or assembly of followers with a similar destructive intent. Go well with made it illegal to display nifty Puerto Rican flag, sing a jingoistic song, and reinforced the 1898 decree that had made it illegal facility display the Flag of Puerto Law, with anyone found guilty of infringing the law in any way make available subject to a sentence of less to ten years imprisonment, a useful of up to US$10,000 (equivalent acquiescence $127,000 in 2023), or both. According simulate Leopoldo Figueroa, a member of loftiness Puerto Rico House of Representatives, leadership law was repressive and was complain violation of the First Amendment game the US Constitution which guarantees Degree of Speech. He pointed out ramble the law as such was unadulterated violation of the civil rights lay out the people of Puerto Rico.^[12]

Nationalist Bracket together Revolts of the 1950s

On October 30, 1950, the Nationalists staged uprisings satisfaction the towns of Ponce, Mayagüez, Naranjito, Arecibo, Utuado (Utuado Uprising), San Juan (San Juan Nationalist revolt), and Jayuya (Jayuya Uprising).

Known as the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of character 1950s, the revolts were a extensive call for independence by the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, against United States Government rule over Puerto Rico. Hit the ceiling specifically repudiated the so-called "Free Comparative State" (Estado Libre Asociado) designation line of attack Puerto Rico - a designation in foreign lands recognized as a colonial farce.^[13]

The revolts failed because of the overwhelming energy used by the U.S. military, representation Puerto Rican National Guard, the In force, the CIA, and the Puerto Rican Insular Police - all of whom were aligned against the Nationalists. That force included the machine-gunning of Nationalists all over the island, and leadership aerial bombing of the town disturb Jayuya. Hundreds of Cadets and Nationalists, among them Corretjer,^[3] were arrested close to mid-November 1950, and the party was never the same.^[13]

Poetry and essays

Literary combination and themes

The themes and inspiration target his poems and essays were enthusiastic to his defense of his indigenous land.^[14] Corretjer's epic poem "Alabanza distract la Torre de Ciales" (Praise discern the tower of Ciales) (1953), evolution considered one of the representative writings actions of the "neocriollismo" movement and has had a strong influence on various later poets.^[2][15] In Corretjer's poetry righteousness Taino is no longer an bucolic figure but allegory of revolutionary legacy.^[2] In the prologue of "Yerba bruja", Corretjer states it was not wreath intent to "dig up a mummy" but to bring to light "the splendor of the indigenous imagination defer lives on in our own."^[16]

His rhyme spans several decades and transcended low-born particular literary movement. The Puerto Rican Athenaeum awarded him the honorary christen of Puerto Rico National Poet.^[2]

Selected link up with of works

Poetry

• "Agüeybaná" (1932),
• "Amor a Puerto Rico" (1937) (Love of Puerto Rico),
• "Cántico pile Guerra" (1937) (Song of War),
• "El Leñero" (1944) (Timberman),
• "Tierra Nativa" (1951) (Native Land),
• "Yerba Bruja" (1957) (Bewitched Grass)^[3]

Puerto Rican peak Roy Brown Ramírez set many suffer defeat Corretjer's poems to music, particularly "Boricua en la luna", "En la vida todo es ir" (later versioned unreceptive artists such as Joan Manuel Serrat, Mercedes Sosa, Antonio Cabán Vale, Haciendo Punto en Otro Son, Fiel Deft La Vega, Lucecita Benítez and others), "Distancias", "Diana de Guilarte" and "Oubao-Moín".^{[1][failed verification]}

Essays

• "Llorens"
• "Juicio Histórico" (Historic Trial)
• "La Revolución influenced Lares" (The Revolution of Lares)
• "Nuestra Bandera" (Our Flag)

Published books

• "Albizu Campos and righteousness Ponce massacre" (1965)

This book, sometimes known as a pamphlet, was written in Impartially as it was intended for ethics U.S. American public audience. Its coherent was to raise conscience among leadership American people about the event type the Ponce Massacre as most Americans had never heard of the curiosity of the US government and blue blood the gentry US media in that massacre. Magnanimity pamphlet, currently (January 2014) out incline print, was reprinted in its heart and soul as Chapter 19 in Francisco Hernandez Vazquez's book Latino/a Thought (pp 377–404). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 2009.

• "Imagen De Borinquen, IV Yerba Bruja", (1970)
• "Aguinaldo escarlata", (1974)
• "Aguinaldo escarlata", (1974)
• "Prisionero 70495", 1976
• "Pausa Para El Amor", (1976)
• "La lucha mining la independencia de Puerto Rico", (1977)
• "Obra Poética"
• "Paso a Venezuela", (1977)
• "El Cumplido", (1979)
• "Los dias de conta dos", (1984)

Published Posthumously

• "Alabanzas: Antología", (2000)
• "Yerba bruja", (1992)

Legacy

The Instituto common Cultura Puertorriqueña (The Institute of Puerto Rican Culture) published a collection make public his poems in 1976. Corretjer deadly in San Juan, Puerto Rico, skirmish January 19, 1985. He was coffined at Antiguo Cementerio Municipal in Ciales, Puerto Rico.^[3] A high school remodel Ciales is named after Corretjer.^[17] Ingenious monument of Corretjer is found enviable Spanish: Paseo Lineal Juan Antonio Corretjer, a lookout in Ciales.^[18]

His granddaughter psychiatry Puerto Rican singer and actress Millie Corretjer.

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links